‘Preservation’, OMA’s exhibition at the 12th International Venice Architecture Biennale
A collection of critical preservation stories of the 20th and 21st century organized under five themes: the increasing territorial claims of preservation, the arbitrary morality of what is preserved and what is not, notalgia vs. memory, the preservation of the future, and the ‘black hole’ of preservation.

Embedded in huge waves of development, which seem to transform the planet at an ever-accelerating speed, there is another kind of transformation at work: the area of the world declared immutable through various regimes of preservation is growing exponentially. A huge section of our world (about 12%) is now off-limits, submitted to regimes we don’t know, have not thought through, cannot influence. At its moment of surreptitious apotheosis, preservation does not quite know what to do with its new empire.
As the scale and importance of preservation escalates each year, the absence of a theory and the lack of interest invested in this seemingly remote domain becomes dangerous. After thinkers like Ruskin and Viollet-Le-Duc, the arrogance of the modernists made the preservationist look like a futile, irrelevant figure. Postmodernism, in spite of its lip service to the past, did no better. The current moment has almost no idea how to negotiate the coexistence of radical change and radical stasis that is our future.

authentic / restored image © designboom
As we head towards a climax of preservation, ambiguities and contradictions build up:
• Selection criteria are by definition vague and elastic, because they have to embrace as many conditions as the world contains.
• Time cannot be stopped in its tracks, but there is no consideration in the arsenal of preservation of how its effects should be managed, how the ‘preserved’ could stay alive, and yet evolve.
• There is little awareness in preservation of how different cultures have interpreted permanence, or of the variations in material, climate and environment, which in themselves require radically different modes of preservation.
• With its own undeclared ideology, preservation prefers certain authenticities. Others – typically, politically difficult ones – it suppresses, even if they are crucial to understanding history.
• Through preservation’s ever-increasing ambitions, the time lag between new construction and the imperative to preserve has collapsed from two thousand years to almost nothing. From retrospective, preservation will soon become prospective, forced to take decisions for which it is entirely unprepared.
• From a largely cultural concern, preservation has become a political issue, and heritage a right – and like all rights, susceptible to political correctness. Bestowing an aura of authenticity and loving care, preservation can trigger massive surges in development. In many cases, the past becomes the only plan for the future…
• Preservation’s continuing emphasis on the exceptional – that which deserves preservation – creates its own distortion. The exceptional becomes the norm. There are no ideas for preserving the mediocre, the generic.
In a global groundswell of revulsion, one particular genre has escaped the embrace of preservation. Open season has been declared on postwar social architecture. At its zenith, a strong public sector created the conditions in which architecture as a social project could flourish.

image © designboom/ looking back on the years following the second world war, the architect's strong role in the public sector created fertile grounds for architecture as a social project to flourish.
At its nadir, a public sector, debilitated by the market, destroys it. There is now a global consensus that postwar architecture – and the optimism it embodied about architecture’s ability to organise the social world – was an aesthetic and ideological debacle. Our resignation is expressed in the flamboyant architecture of the market economy, which has its own built-in commercial expiration date.

the more recent cultural climate of the public sector

image © designboom
Modern buildings have somehow escaped the collective body’s embrace of preservation, becoming a generation’s embodiment of an opportunistic financial envelope.

image © designboom/ berlin's 'palast deer republic' which was demolished in 2006 despite having a historic and integral part in germany's reunification process.

image © designboom/ Our intolerance for the architecture of the 'Black Hole'- ostensibly caused by its failure to creaate livable cities- is in fact fueled by a deep envy towards the formar belief in social experimentation. NOW, if we experiment, we do it on our own, for ourselves. Then, we did it with and for others, the people...
Just like modernization – of which it is part – preservation was a western invention. But with the waning of western power, it is no longer in the West’s hands. We are no longer the ones that define its values.

image © designboom/ preservation and modernity are not opposites. preservation was 'invented' as part of a groundswell of modern innovation between the french revolution and the industrial revolution in england. in a maelstrom of change, it is crucial to decide what will stay the same ...
The world needs a new system mediating between preservation and development. Could there be the equivalent of carbon trading in modernization? Could one modernizing nation ‘pay’ another nation not to change? Could backwardness become a resource, like Costa Rica’s rainforest? Should China save Venice?
The march of preservation necessitates the development of a theory of its opposite: not what to keep, but what to give up, what to erase and abandon. A system of phased demolition, for instance, would drop the unconvincing pretence of permanence for contemporary architecture, built under different economic and material assumptions. It would reveal tabula rasa beneath the thinning crust of our civilization – ready for liberation just as we (in the West) had given up on the idea.
AMO’S CONVENTION CONCERNING THE DEMOLITION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL JUNK >

image © designboom / there is a prolific global desire to preserve all other genre of architecture. in 1972, a UN convention on the protection of cultural and natural heritage set out the criteria of heritage selection which we still abide to today. nearly 12% of the planet is currently marked as 'preserved', continuing to cordon off greater areas as 'off-limits' at an alarming fast rate. these areas are declared as so without having actually been thought through on a transparent level. today, preservation does not quite know what to do with its new found empire. in response, AMO developed a theory of its opposite: not what to keep, but what to give up, what to erase and abandon. it calls forth and aims to distill what exactly, as a society, we should consider of cultural significance, at the same time paving ground to reveal a liberated slate under the thinning crust of our civilization.

image © designboom/ 'nominated properties shall therefore: represent a lack of human creative genius; be an average example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (an) insignificant stage(s) in human history; contain appalling synthetic phenomena or areas of overdeveloped saturation and aesthetic insignificance' close-up of exhibited panel

image © designboom / 'CRONOCAOS: in a hundred years, the reichstag in berlin underwent at least four different incarnations, each memorable, the last and current incarnation - foster's - probably definitive. it contains no trace of the earlier identities...' (photograph of exhibted panel)
There exists two conflicting ideologies when it comes to the subject of preservation: ‘ruin’ vs. ‘restoration’. Many times, a ‘restoration’ project will gut the building in question, resulting in a sort of farce, where the ‘historical structure’ is an entirely new building in and of itself. bureaucratic envelopes of preservation in fact promote radical transformations. Their language and codes are too blunt and
primitive to serve their stated aim: to generate a ‘fit’ between what exists and what is ‘renewed’ (but what is in fact very often entirely rebuilt). They produce an entirely new architectural language of disguised consumerism.

image © designboom / 'history as fake? history as farce? most of harvard's historical buildings have been gutted and entirely made over, many more than once during their 'lifetimes'...' (photograph of exhibted panel)
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OMA’s preservation projects in the past illustrate that the core aim of ‘preserving’ should be
to negotiate between both the old and the new in an active and engaging manner,
siding with neither ‘ruin’ nor ‘restoration’ but establishing a new architectural configuration altogether.
OMA has conducted extensive studies on a number of urban and cultural frameworks to retrofit
the present time for the coming years.

‘beijing preservation’, 2003
diagram showing possible ‘preservation make-ups’ for beijing
(exhibited post card)
image © designboom
if the point of preservation is to identify and maintain elements that make a city unique, beijing contains
a vast arsenale of relatively new architecture and urban situations that deserve the same consideration as
the old centre and the hutongs, the generic substance of the chinese city most characteristic of beijing’s ‘past’.
rather than a seemingly inevitable focus on the centre – the oldest, the most beautiful, the most historic
part – different models of preservation can be imagined: a wedge could record, systematically and without
aesthetic bias, all the developments that have occurred in an urban system over time; a point grid could act
as a form of sampling, a statistical preservation model capturing every urban condition. instead of a temporal
monolith – a permanent centre and an ever changing periphery – the city will be defined and enriched by phasing:
older and newer will be in permanent dialogue.

‘beijing preservation’, 2003
grid formation
(exhibited post card)
image © designboom

‘mission grand axe,’ OMA
la défense, paris, france
competition, 1991
(photograph of exhibted panel)
image © designboom
‘what happens if all architecture older than 25 years is scraped? an entire territory is liberated
as a strategic reserve. the city can think of itself in terms of creative transformation.’
la défense is a strategic reserve in paris which has acted as a privileged expansion zone during when
the city was going through the transformation of modernization. the first sector now full–and with
europe’s opinion that everything historic should have the right to eternal life–OMA looks at ways to
create ground for new architecture while still preserving the ‘theatre of progress’.
this competition entry proposes to project a grid across the entire area including la défense and
to gradually expose this new system as ‘modern’ buildings meet their successive expiration date.
the design is both conceptual and operational; it will not subject everything in its way to its discipline
but will act as a filter to absorb those entities whose right to survive is not contested.

rendering of apraksin dvor, st. petersburg, russia
2007 competition entry
(exhibited postcard)
image © designboom
consisting of multiple freestanding buildings arranged within a market yard, apraksin dvor represents
a unique urban typology in the historic centre of st. petersburg. OMA takes the uniqueness of the site,
which makes it prime for preservation, and uses it instead for development.
the design proposes to keep 50 per cent of the area in its current state while the other 50 per cent is demolished
and treated as the site for new buildings. the old and the new are organized in to a checkerboard: a co-existence
of two uninterrupted conditions, creating both a relationship of maximum contact and maximum independence
while avoiding the subjective evaluation of the historic merit of each existing individual building. the old and
the new can either be experienced in extreme juxtaposition or as independent parallel experiences,
creating simultaneously an illusion of complete preservation and perpetual newness.

masterplan apraksin dvor, st. petersburg, russia
2007 competition entry
(exhibited postcard)
image © designboom

mass rendering of apraksin dvor, st. petersburg, russia
2007 competition entry
(exhibited postcard)
image © designboom

‘zollverein kolenwasche’, essen, 2006
(exhibited postcard)
image © designboom
the ruhr, an area undergoing transition after the decay of its major industry, coal mining, elects to preserve
a mining site shut down in the 1980s. the zeche zollverein, designed in the 1920s by students of mies using
industrial architecture as a vehicle of ambition, is granted UNESCO world heritage status in 2001 – prompted
by an OMA masterplan to preserve and reactivate the site. OMA collaborates with UNESCO on installing,
around a tangle of original machinery, a visitors centre and ruhr museum inside the kohlenwasche (coal refinery).
after persuasion, UNESCO agrees to a rebuilding of the crumbling walls on the exterior of the building,
thus prioritizing the authenticity inside. preservation takes place through a variety of tactics, including pure
simulation: a 48-metre free-standing escalator mimicking the site’s sky bridges for transporting coal provides
sympathetic public access to the renovated kohlenwasche.

‘zollverein kolenwasche’, essen, 2006
48 meter free-standing escalator
(exhibited postcard)
image © designboom

‘in 2006, with zeche zollverein’s kolenwasche, we nearly achieved the utopian ambition of doing
‘nothing’: no stripping, no sublimity, no ruin, just nothing… we were very proud.’
(photograph of exhibited panel)
image © designboom

‘in 1995, reluctant to imagine an ‘iconic’ airport (the competition was won with an airport in the form of a bird wing),
we identified in the existing structures of ZRH-enough abandoned or under-used sections to accommodate the entire program;
all we needed to do was to stitch the ‘found’ spaces together with infrastructure in a sequence that accommodated the intended flows…’
image © designboom

‘the found spaces had more complexity and interest than any architect could typically justify for a new airport…’
image © designboom
LINKS:
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/11248/oma-at-venice-architecture-biennale-2010.html
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/11395/rem-koolhaas-cronocaos-preservation-tour.html
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/11424/rem-koolhaas-oma-cronocaos-preservation-tour-part-three.html
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/11428/rem-koolhaas-oma-cronocaos-preservation-tour-part-four.html
http://www.oma.eu/index.php?option=com_projects&view=project&id=1260&Itemid=10